The term glycobiology was coined by Prof. Raymond Dwek in 1988 to recognize the coming together of the traditional disciplines of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. This coming together was as a result of a much greater understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of glycans. However as early as the late nineteenth century pioneering efforts were being made by Emil Fisher to establish the structure of some basic sugar molecules.
The study of glycans has been difficult because monosaccharide units may be coupled to each other in many different ways, as opposed to the amino acids of proteins or the nucleotides in DNA, which are always coupled together in a standard fashion. The study of glycans is also complicated by the lack of a direct template for their biosynthesis, contrary to the case with proteins where their amino acid sequence is determined by their corresponding gene.
Glycans are secondary gene products and therefore are generated by the coordinated action of many enzymes in the subcellular compartments of a cell. Since the structure of a glycan may depend on the expression, activity and accessibility of the different biosynthetic enzymes, it is not possible to use recombinant DNA technology in order to produce large quantities of glycans for structural and functional studies as it is for proteins.
All cells and many macromolecules in nature carry a dense and complex array of covalently attached sugar chains (called oligosaccharides or glycans). In some instances, these glycans can also be free-standing entities. Since most glycans are on the outer surface of cellular and secreted macromolecules, they are in a position to modulate or mediate a wide variety of events in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions crucial to the development and function of a complex multicellular organism. They are also in a position to mediate interactions between organisms (e.g., between host and parasite). In addition, simple, highly dynamic protein-bound glycans are abundant in the nucleus and cytoplasm, where they appear to serve as regulatory switches. An extended paradigm of molecular biology can thus be rendered as follows:
In the first part of this century, the chemistry, biochemistry, and biology of carbohydrates were very prominent matters of interest. However, during the initial phase of the modern revolution in molecular biology, studies of glycans lagged far behind those of other major classes of molecules. This was in large part due to their inherent structural complexity, the difficulty in easily determining their sequence, and the fact that their biosynthesis could not be directly predicted from the DNA template.
The development of a variety of new technologies for exploring the structures of these sugar chains has opened up a new frontier of molecular biology which has been called glycobiology.
The development of a variety of new technologies for exploring the structures of these sugar chains has opened up a new frontier of molecular biology which has been called glycobiology.
Glycobiology is one of the more rapidly growing fields in the biomedical sciences, with relevance to basic research, biomedicine, and biotechnology. The field ranges from the chemistry of carbohydrates and the enzymology of glycan-modifying proteins to the functions of glycans in complex biological systems, and their manipulation by a variety of techniques. Research in glycobiology requires a foundation not only in the nomenclature, biosynthesis, structure, chemical synthesis, and functions of complex glycans, but also in the general disciplines of molecular genetics, cellular biology, physiology, and protein chemistry.
Sugars control and influence almost every aspect of the cellular processes ranging from cell-cell interactions, energy intermediates, adhesion mechanisms, growth factor signaling, blood clotting, receptor binding, regulating the activity of hormones in the blood, directing embryonic development, and serving structural roles. In this new light, the role of sugars is being reconsidered with a new zeal to understand the working of the intricate processes of life.
Sugars control and influence almost every aspect of the cellular processes ranging from cell-cell interactions, energy intermediates, adhesion mechanisms, growth factor signaling, blood clotting, receptor binding, regulating the activity of hormones in the blood, directing embryonic development, and serving structural roles. In this new light, the role of sugars is being reconsidered with a new zeal to understand the working of the intricate processes of life.
Every autoimmune condition has one thing in common - the immune system cannot properly recognize cells of the body, and mistakenly attacks them.
"Autoimmune Diseases" are basically ones in which a person's immune system attacks his or her own tissue.
Every disease expresses a symptom or symptoms to alarm your body that there is a problem. Taking a drug to mask the symptom is not addressing the root cause of the problem.
The solution is to identify what factors are causing your immune system dysfunctions. The medical community is so focused on finding a cure for individual diseases, where maybe there is no magic drug that can cure the human body of disease conditions.
Disease conditions are cellular dysfunctions. Each disease has specific problems or dysfunctions that cause symptoms and the medical community focus on addressing the symptoms of disease even if the treatment for the symptom suppression causes adverse side effects and in some cases do more harm in the long-term treatment of the disorder.
Your body is a biological miracle that is pre-programmed for optimal health. With today's scientific and technical advances, they are able to identify the specific cellular dysfunctions of specific disease conditions. As an example there is a deficiency in one of the complement proteins that can result in an autoimmune disease such as lupus.
Above is a picture of a human cell amplified by a powerful microscope; the cell on the left is what a normal healthy cell should look like covered in glycoforms and complement proteins. The cell on the right has altered glycoforms and missing complement proteins due to specific glycoprotein deficiencies.
All cells have various structures as illustrated below. The green strands are carbohydrate structures (made of various glycoforms).
People with autoimmune conditions have altered carbohydrate and glycoprotein structures as compared to normal healthy cells.
When your cells have altered carbohydrate structures, your immune system mistakes your cells as enemy cells and launches an attack on itself. This triggers dysfunction at the cellular level which results in specific symptoms like inflammation of the joints, skin rashes, extreme fatigue, etc.
Your body is an extremely intelligent organism, behind the scenes science has been focusing on what does your body's systems require and how do you support your body's systems at the cellular level so that your systems can function the way they were designed to.
Immunologists are identifying the specific dysfunctional cellular process in many disease conditions at the molecular level of human cells.
Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders.
Science is finally getting that the immune system is not just a few specialized cells in the body every organ and every tissue is part of your immune system. The immune system is composed of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils and adenoids, and—most important—the bone marrow, which manufactures all the stem cells that eventually develop into T cells, B cells, phagocytes, macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) cells, etc.
All your systems work synergistically together and when there is a dysfunction at the cellular level it begins to effect the other systems of your body.
Why would your own immune system try to defend the body against itself? Researchers have found that β cells are merely acting on the orders of a set of glycoproteins called cellular messengers, and when these cellular messengers are missing or altered, the system goes awry.
Once these protein messengers on your cell surface become altered your body’s immune cells mistakenly recognize these cells as foreign cells and launch an attack on your own cells, organs and systems.
The true answer to correcting this disease process is to identify why your cells are missing these cell surface protein glycoforms and what is causing them to become altered in the first place. This is the focus of an emerging field called glycobiology.
As previously mentioned, glycobiology is the study of the structure, biosynthesis, and biology of saccharides (sugar chains or glycans) that are widely distributed in nature. Sugars or saccharides are essential components of all living things and aspects of the various roles they play in biology are researched in various medical, biochemical and biotechnological fields.
Because there are multiple factors causing this disease process to manifest in your body you need to focus on providing what your body’s cells require to function properly.
Because there are multiple factors causing this disease process to manifest in your body you need to focus on providing what your body’s cells require to function properly.
This can be achieved by providing what your body’s systems require to support a biological process called cellular restoration, utilizing a macro-nutrient/micro-nutrient-balanced plant-based diet.
How to Improve Your Health
You need to build your health at the molecular level of your cells to restore the proper function to your bodies, cells, tissues, organs and systems.
You need to build your health at the molecular level of your cells to restore the proper function to your bodies, cells, tissues, organs and systems.
In order to restore the proper function and balance of your cells, you need to use a superior, nutrient-dense health and wellness program that will accomplish the following:
- You need optimal nutrition for all the cells of your body
- You need to help your body eliminate toxins
- You need to support your body’s ability to deal with stress
A dysfunctional hormonal system plays a huge role in the onset of disease and contributes significantly to the cellular inflammation that occurs. Hormones control processes in your body such as inflammation. By consuming nutrients that support your body’s production of hormones your body will resolve the problems that cause the inflammation to occur in the first place.
One of the major problems when you suffer from most autoimmune diseases is inflammation. You need to support your endocrine system by supplying nutrients your body must have so it can continually produce the hormones your body requires to balance your hormonal system. Your body will control the inflammation when supported correctly. Nutrients called phytosterols or phytohormones provides key nutrients your body must have so that it can regulate and balance the hormones.
One of the major problems when you suffer from most autoimmune diseases is inflammation. You need to support your endocrine system by supplying nutrients your body must have so it can continually produce the hormones your body requires to balance your hormonal system. Your body will control the inflammation when supported correctly. Nutrients called phytosterols or phytohormones provides key nutrients your body must have so that it can regulate and balance the hormones.
Autoimmune conditions are missing specific cell surface glycoproteins that lead to cellular dysfunctions. You need to supply your body the specific nutrients your body requires to support the biological process of restoring the proper assembly of cell surface glycoproteins. Glyconutrients supply your body the resources it requires to produce cell surface glycoproteins. Food sources for these glyconutrients include sea kelp, medicinal mushrooms, aloe vera, herbs, and seeds.
If you do not have these vital glyconutrients, your body replaces this with sucrose or white table sugar and then you start to have faulty message coding on the surface of your cells which leads to various autoimmune conditions. By consuming the glyconutrients, your cells now have the proper supply of nutrients to support normalization of the cell surface and your body will restore the proper function so that over time your body will restore health.
If you do not have these vital glyconutrients, your body replaces this with sucrose or white table sugar and then you start to have faulty message coding on the surface of your cells which leads to various autoimmune conditions. By consuming the glyconutrients, your cells now have the proper supply of nutrients to support normalization of the cell surface and your body will restore the proper function so that over time your body will restore health.
Oxidative stress caused by many factors disrupts your body’s ability to restore proper function of the cell and contribute to the retention of chemicals and toxins in your systems. The retention of chemicals causes cellular and bodily system dysfunctions that lead to increased disease symptoms because your body was not designed to be exposed to the amount of chemicals and toxins.
Antioxidants protect your body’s cells and systems from cellular damage caused by chemicals and other stress factors that disrupt your body’s systems. With increased amounts of the right blend of antioxidant-rich foods your body can defend, protect and restore proper function to your systems and cell processes. This in turn will help you prevent one of the contributing factors that lead to most disease conditions.
Antioxidants protect your body’s cells and systems from cellular damage caused by chemicals and other stress factors that disrupt your body’s systems. With increased amounts of the right blend of antioxidant-rich foods your body can defend, protect and restore proper function to your systems and cell processes. This in turn will help you prevent one of the contributing factors that lead to most disease conditions.
Health Benefits of Glyconutrients
Although there are more than 200 carbohydrates known to man, eight have been deemed essential to human health as a catalyst for cell communication. Among cells and other human organisms, better communication means improvement in the body’s ability to fight many diseases.
Those diseases include Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism, Upper Respiratory Diseases, Strokes, Cerebral Palsy, Depression, Muscular Dystrophy, Hepatitis C, Cancer, Dyslexia, Asthma, Menopause, Urinary Infections, Alcoholism, Diabetes, Heart Disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and more. Glyconutrients are so beneficial that they may be able to slow the aging process but a lot more research needs to be done concerning the real health benefits of glyconutrients.
Although there are more than 200 carbohydrates known to man, eight have been deemed essential to human health as a catalyst for cell communication. Among cells and other human organisms, better communication means improvement in the body’s ability to fight many diseases.
Those diseases include Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism, Upper Respiratory Diseases, Strokes, Cerebral Palsy, Depression, Muscular Dystrophy, Hepatitis C, Cancer, Dyslexia, Asthma, Menopause, Urinary Infections, Alcoholism, Diabetes, Heart Disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and more. Glyconutrients are so beneficial that they may be able to slow the aging process but a lot more research needs to be done concerning the real health benefits of glyconutrients.
Plant-based foods including aturally occurring Glyconutrients, added to the human diet, strengthen cell function, giving your immune system the strength it needs to fight disease.
Note: Unfortunately, most glyconutrient supplements are synthetic and do not provide any health benefits. Instead, try to get your glyconutrients from natural food sources such as sea kelp and aloe vera.
Note: Glyconutrients are not a miracle cure and they do not treat specific diseases. Instead, food sources such as vegetables, fruits, and beans (which contain glyconutrients) allow the body to defend itself against disease by strengthening theimmune system.
Note: Unfortunately, most glyconutrient supplements are synthetic and do not provide any health benefits. Instead, try to get your glyconutrients from natural food sources such as sea kelp and aloe vera.
Note: Glyconutrients are not a miracle cure and they do not treat specific diseases. Instead, food sources such as vegetables, fruits, and beans (which contain glyconutrients) allow the body to defend itself against disease by strengthening theimmune system.
Food Sources for Glyconutrients
With Glycobiology still remaining in the realm of research, natural foods that contain glyconutrients are the only easily and abundantly available source of glyconutrients.
With Glycobiology still remaining in the realm of research, natural foods that contain glyconutrients are the only easily and abundantly available source of glyconutrients.
Mother's Milk: Mothers' milk is the richest source of glyconutrients. This first mammary secretion provides all the nutrients that an infant requires for its health and growth.
Fruits and Vegetables: Fruits and vegetables that are organically grown and ripened on the plant are another rich source of glyconutrients. This is because fruits and vegetables plucked before ripening and subjected to ripening by artificial means do not have the last surge of glyconutrients which are only available to the naturally ripening process.
Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is another rich source of glyconutrients. Soybeans, beans, green capsicum, cabbage, eggplant, tomatoes, turnips and okra contain large amounts of glyconutrients. Among fruits, rich sources of glyconutrients are found in guava, pears, and blackberries. Experiments are also being conducted using flax seed extract and the Himalayan Goggi Berries. Scientists are of the view that the Goggi berry may be a complete source of all necessary glyconutrients.
Note: Glyconutrients are also found in garlic, yeasts, maize, pectin from fruit, certain herbs, echinacea, and coconut meat.
Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is another rich source of glyconutrients. Soybeans, beans, green capsicum, cabbage, eggplant, tomatoes, turnips and okra contain large amounts of glyconutrients. Among fruits, rich sources of glyconutrients are found in guava, pears, and blackberries. Experiments are also being conducted using flax seed extract and the Himalayan Goggi Berries. Scientists are of the view that the Goggi berry may be a complete source of all necessary glyconutrients.
Note: Glyconutrients are also found in garlic, yeasts, maize, pectin from fruit, certain herbs, echinacea, and coconut meat.
The Key (8) Glyconutrients
Currently, eight (8) glyconutrients have been identified. Each of these glyconutrients has a different natural source.
Currently, eight (8) glyconutrients have been identified. Each of these glyconutrients has a different natural source.
Fucose is found in abundance in seaweed chiefly in kelp and wakane; and, also in beer yeast according to Dr. Johanna Budwig.
N-acetylneuromic acid or Sialic acid is found in whey protein isolate and the eggs of free-range hens.
N-acetylglucosamine is found in cow and shark cartilage. For those who do not eat animal based food the Shiitake Mushroom is also a rich source. It is also found in a red Japanese Algae called Dumontiaceae.
Mannose is found in Vegetables: Beans - Green, Capsicum, Cabbage, Eggplant, Tomatoes, Turnip; Fruit: Blackcurrants, Currants - Red, Gooseberries, Cranberries (D-mannose); Legumes: Soybeans; and Herbs: the gel inside the Aloe Vera leaf.
Glucose is found in all vegetables and fruits but is found in greater concentration in naturally ripened vegetables and fruits, especially grapes, bananas, mangos, cherries, and strawberries. Glucose is also found in honey and in herbs such as Cocoa, Aloe Vera, Licorice, Sarsaparilla, Hawthorn, Garlic, and Echinacea.
Galactose is found in milk and most dairy products.
Xylose is found in Vegetables: Broccoli, Spinach, Eggplant, Peas, Beans - Green, Okra, Cabbage, Corn; Fruit: Guava, Pears, Blackberries, Loganberries, Raspberries; Herbs: Aloe Vera, Echinacea, Boswellia; and, Seeds: Psyllium Seeds.
N-acetyl galactosamine is the least researched among the glyconutrients. At present mothers milk is the only source of this glyconutrient.
Note: Another possible glyconutrient is Arabinogalactan, which can be found in Vegetables: Tomatoes, Carrots, Corn; Fruits: Coconut; and Herbs: Echinacea.
Note: If you have an autoimmune disease, PCOS, or if you have issues with your thyroid, get the How to Treat Autoimmune Diseases, PCOS & Thyroid Issues Naturally ebook. This ebook explains how to treat the more common autoimmune diseases as well as how to optimize the health of your thyroid.
N-acetyl galactosamine is the least researched among the glyconutrients. At present mothers milk is the only source of this glyconutrient.
Note: Another possible glyconutrient is Arabinogalactan, which can be found in Vegetables: Tomatoes, Carrots, Corn; Fruits: Coconut; and Herbs: Echinacea.
Note: If you have an autoimmune disease, PCOS, or if you have issues with your thyroid, get the How to Treat Autoimmune Diseases, PCOS & Thyroid Issues Naturally ebook. This ebook explains how to treat the more common autoimmune diseases as well as how to optimize the health of your thyroid.
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