Sunday, May 22, 2016

Abstract: Diabetes Prevention & Diabetes Management

Project Abstract Title: “Death to Diabetes” Management & Prevention 6-Stage Model
Author: DeWayne McCulley

Problem Statement: It is difficult for people to prevent or manage Type 2 diabetes due to the lack of proper information, the lack of a structured scientific process, and the lack of motivation to make lifestyle changes.

Motivation: The “Death to Diabetes” Management & Prevention 6-Stage Wellness Model is designed to address the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes, which is growing at epidemic levels all over the world, with more than 170 million diabetics worldwide.

Approach: Using a combination of analytical models and testing procedures, a wellness model was designed that focused on reducing fasting  and postprandial blood glucose levels consistently from meal to meal, while addressing the actual root causes of the high blood glucose levels: insulin resistance and inflammation.

Results: 90% of pre-diabetics lowered their blood glucose back to the normal range, preventing the onset of diabetes. 76% of the diabetic clients who adhered to the model for at least 30 days achieved a 14%-29% decrease in blood glucose levels and a weight loss of 9 lb to 14 lb. For clients who adhered to the model for at least 90 days, 95% of them achieved even lower blood glucose levels and a weight loss of 29 lb. to 51 lb. In addition, 67% of them experienced an 11% to 17% decrease in their blood pressure levels.

Conclusions: If you provide a structured wellness model based upon a nutritional profile that actually addresses the root causes of Type 2 diabetes, at least 90% of pre-diabetics can prevent the onset of diabetes. Also, at least 75% of diabetics can achieve sustained lower blood glucose levels. This model also prevents the onset of diabetes as demonstrated by the pre-diabetic clients who used the model and never developed full-blown diabetes.

The following six stages provide a defined structure, a set of metrics, and a systematic approach for utilizing diet, exercise, and testing –to manage, control, and prevent Type 2 diabetes. Being able to track and measure what stage a diabetic is in and knowing what the diabetic needs to do to move forward will provide the necessary motivation to continue on a journey to better health.
• Stage 1 No Blood Glucose (BG) Control
• Stage 2 BG Control with Drugs
• Stage 3 BG Control with Reduced Drugs
• Stage 4 BG Control without Drugs
• Stage 5 BG & HbA1C Control (Without Drugs)
• Stage 6 BG & HbA1C Tighter Control (Without Drugs)

Other benefits of this model included financial savings and a happier outlook on life.

Note: If a diabetic finds that he/she needs more structure and guidance in their planning, they can work with an experienced health professional that understands diabetes pathology and superior nutrition.
Clinical References for Type 2 Diabetes
  1. Maturity-onset diabetes mellitus--toward a physiological appropriate management. Therapy includes: GTF, to directly enhance the efficacy of insulin; weight loss, exercise, and fasting, to help reduce tissue resistance to insulin; mitochondrial "metavitamins", to optimize the oxidative disposal of excess substrate; a high-fiber, low-fat diet, which appears superior to traditional diabetic diets as a promoter of glucose tolerance. Following a prolonged fast, obese diabetics show substantial improvement in most parameters of insulin function--an effect which is to some degree independent of weight loss; long-term remission of diabetes may be possible if the benefits of therapeutic fasting are conserved by appropriate metabolic measures. Med Hypotheses. 1981 Oct;7(10):1265-85. Review. McCarty MF.
  2. Dietary factors determining diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. A 20-year follow-up of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Eating carbohydrate-rich foods such as beans, peas, oats with low glycemic indices is associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1995;18:1104-12. Feskens EJ, Virtanen SM, Rasanen L, et al.
  3. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Six-weeks study, 50 grams/day of fiber from high fiber foods (e.g. leafy green vegetables, granola, fruit, etc.): average glucose level 10% lower; insulin levels 12% lower;  significant reductions in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol; slight decreases in glycosylated hemoglobin -- compared to  participants eating the ADA diet (24 grams/day). New Engl J Med 2000;342:1392-8. Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al.
  4. Diabetes mellitus -- a free radical-associated disease. 1993; Z Gesamte Inn Med 48(5): 223-32. Kahler, W., B. Kuklinski, et al.
  5. Comparison of effects of high and low carbohydrate diets on plasma lipoproteins and insulin sensitivity in patients with mild NIDDM. 1992; Diabetes 41(10): 1278-85. Garg, A., S. Grundy, et al.
  6. A high-monounsaturated fat/low-carbohydrate diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. 1992; Metabolism 41(12): 1373-8. Parillo, M., A. Rivellese, et al.
  7. Effect of high intakes of fruit and vegetables on redox status in type 2 onset diabetes: a pilot study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2004 Sep;74(5):313-20. PMID: 15628668. Giammarioli S, Filesi C, Vitale B, Cantagallo A, Dragoni F, Sanzini E.
  8. Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Blood Sugar and Antioxidative Status in Types II Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2003 Apr;33(2):170-8. Korean. PMID: 15314445. Park HS, Lee YM.
  9. Dietary antioxidant intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. This study supports the hypothesis that development of type 2 diabetes may be reduced by the intake of antioxidants in the diet. Montonen J, Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A., National Public Health Institute, Dept. of Health & Functional Capacity, Helsinki, Finland.
  10. Experiences with a diet-training program in patients with obesity associated diseases including follow-up. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1989 Sep 1;44(17):509-12. Hantzschel U, Kraus E, Dempe A.
  11. European stroke prevention study: effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy in diabetic patients. 1992; Stroke 23(6): 851-4. Sivenius, J., M. Laakso, et al.
  12. Weight gain during insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004 Sep;65 Suppl 1:S23-7. PMID: 15315867. Heller S., UK.
  13. AGEs and their interaction with AGE-receptors in vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. I. The AGE concept. Cardiovascular Research. 1998; 37(3):586-600. Bierhaus A, Hofmann MA, Ziegler R, et al.
  14. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. Diabet Med. 2003 Jun;20(6):425-36. Mackie AD, Thornton SJ, Edenborough FP., Diabetes and Endocrine Centre and Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
  15. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes? Vegetarians have a low risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Publ Health 1985;75:507-12. Snowdon DA, Phillips RL.
  16. Insulin sensitivity and abdominal obesity in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women. Excess abdominal weight makes the body less sensitive to insulin. Diabetes 1996;45:1547-55. Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Selby JV, et al.
  17. Intra-abdominal fat is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity in healthy young men. Metabolism 1991;40:600-3. Park KS, Hree BD, Lee K-U, et al.
  18. Weight loss in obese subjects prevents the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 1994;17:372. Long SD, Swanson MS, O’Brien K, et al.
  19. Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1994;17:30. Wing RR, Marcuse MD, Blair EH, et al.
  20. Tobacco and end stage diabetic nephropathy. People with diabetes who smoke are at higher risk for kidney damage. BMJ 1987;295:581-2. Stegmayr B, Lithner F.
  21. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus mortality-the risk of cigarette smoking. People with diabetes who smoke are at higher risk for heart disease. Circulation 1990;82:37-43. Scala C, LaPorte RE, Dorman JS, et al.
  22. Therapeutic evaluation of the effect of biotin on hyperglycemia in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Fasting glucose levels dropped using 9 mg per day for two months in type 2 diabetics. J Clin Biochem Nutr 1993;14:211-8. Maebashi M, Makino Y, Furukawa Y, et al.
  23. Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab84 :137 –144,1999. Banerji MA, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken RL Lebovitz HE.
  24. Leptin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in women. Diabetes47 :913 –917,1998. Van Harmelen V, Raynisdottir S, Eriksson P, Thörne A, Hoffstedt J, Lönnqvist F, Arner P.
  25. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001 Jul 18; 286(3): 327-34. Pradhan, A. et al.
  26. Advanced glycation end products: a nephrologist's perspective. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2000 Mar; 35(3): 365-80. Raj, D.S. et al.
  27. Zinc and insulin sensitivity. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1992; 32: 305-10. Faure, P. et al.
  28. Caffeine: a cause of insulin resistance- Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 399-400. Biaggioni, I., Davis, S.N.
  29. Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 364-9. Keijzers, G. et al.
  30. Sleep Deprivation Promotes Insulin Resistance 2001. Ford-Martin, P.
  31. Effects of varying carbohydrate content of diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1994; 271: 1421-8. Garg, A., Bantle, J., Henry, R. et al.
  32. Treatment of periodontal disease in diabetics reduces glycated hemoglobin. J. Periodontol. 1997 Aug; 68(8): 713-9. Grossi, S.G. et al.
  33. Decrease Your Sleep and Increase Your Risk of Diabetes 2001, The Lancet October 23, 1999;354:1435-1439. Mercola, J.
  34. Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester v. oleic acid-risk safflower oil on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic model rats with hypertricylglycerolaemia. Br. J. Nutr. 2002 Feb; 87(2): 157-62. Minami, A. et al.
  35. Polyol pathway hyperactivity is closely related to carnitine deficiency in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998; 287: 897-902. Nakamura, J. et al.
  36. Type 2 diabetes can be prevented with lifestyle change. Presented at the American Diabetes' Association's 60th Annual Scientific Session, San Antonio, Texas, June 9-13, 2000. Tuomilehto, J.
  37. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001 May 3; 344(18): 1343-50. Tuomilehto, J. et al.
  38. The effect of sugar cereal with and without a mixed meal on glycemic response in children with diabetes. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1991 Aug; 13(2): 155-60. Wang, S.R. et al.
  39. Prevalence of hyperinsulinemia in patients with high blood pressure. J. Intern. Med. 1992; 231: 235-40. Zavaroni, I., Mazza, S., Dall'aglio, E. et al.
  40. Use of Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract in the control of blood glucose in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J. Ethnopharmacology 30:281-294 (1990). Shanmugasundaram, E.R.B. et al.
  41. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003 Dec;26(12):3215-8. Khan A, Safdar M, Khan MMA, Khattak KN, Anderson RA.
  42. Dr. Mercola: Not only is type 2 diabetes completely preventable, but it is virtually curable for anyone who is willing to put in the hard time and work and recovering their insulin and leptin sensitivity
  43. The Diabetes Conundrum: What Physicians Are Teaching You May be Killing You - Read the surprising conclusion Dr. Rosedale, one of the leading diabetic doctors in the country, reaches about the current state of knowledge in diabetes.
  44. The Rosedale diet: The real "cure" for diabetes is to eat a diet that promotes insulin and leptin sensitivity.
  45. Natural Treatments For Diabetes: The Whitaker Wellness approach is very effective in reducing and often eliminating the need for oral diabetes drugs and insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
    The Whitaker Wellness Institute’s approach to diabetes is twofold: to lower blood sugar and to reduce the risk of diabetic complications with diet, exercise, and targeted nutritional supplements.
  46. Diabetes Can Be Treated Without Drugs: Julian Whitaker, MD; Jul 03, 2009
    "Hundreds of clinical trials demonstrate that diabetes can not only be prevented but actually reversed -- not with drugs but with simple, inexpensive lifestyle measures."
  47. Health and Medicine: Dr. Neal Barnard's Program for Reversing Diabetes (a vegan diet w/ low GI foods) outlines a nutritional approach to diabetes that claims greater efficacy and fewer complications than that of the American Diabetes Association diet, citing the examples of study participants who successfully improved their ability to respond to insulin, lost weight, and ended medication dependency.
  48. Deborah Greenwood, MEd, CNS, BC-ADM, CDE: The Diabetes Prevention Program study, a very large randomized clinical trial (the most accurate study design) showed that you could reduce the development of diabetes by 58% by doing some simple things. 1. Lose 5-10% of your body weight by eating healthy, with calorie and fat reduction (only 25% of calories from fat). 2. Engage in physical activity for at least 30 minutes five times per week. These changes can significantly reduce the risk of developing diabetes. Other studies have looked at other types of weight loss such as using meal replacements. The global consensus is that if you lose weight and keep it off, you may be able to prevent diabetes as well as improve blood pressure and lab values.
  49. Raw for 30 Days is an independent documentary film that chronicles six Americans with diabetes who switch to a diet consisting entirely of vegan, organic, live, raw foods in order to reverse diabetes naturally.
    A medical team was established to monitor various health variables of the subjects. The diet: "No meat, no dairy, no alcohol, no caffeine, no refined foods, no junk food or fast food of any kind, no candies, no sugar".
    Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes can be cured, or at least drastically reduce blood sugar, hemnoglobin a1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, weight, etc.
  50. A randomized trial of a church-based diabetes self-management program for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Samuel-Hodge CD, Keyserling TC, Park S, Johnston LF, Gizlice Z, Bangdiwala SI. Diabetes Educ. 2009 May-Jun;35(3):439-54. Epub 2009 Apr 21. CONCLUSIONS: The church-based intervention was well received by participants and improved short-term metabolic control.
  51. Reduction in risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in response to a low-sugar, high-fiber dietary intervention in overweight Latino adolescents. Ventura E, Davis J, Byrd-Williams C, Alexander K, McClain A, Lane CJ, Spruijt-Metz D, Weigensberg M, Goran M. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009 Apr;163(4):320-7.
  52. A low-fat vegan diet elicits greater macronutrient changes, but is comparable in adherence and acceptability, compared with a more conventional diabetes diet among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Barnard ND, Gloede L, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, Turner-McGrievy G, Green AA, Ferdowsian H. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Feb;109(2):263-72.
  53. Effect of a low-glycemic index or a high-cereal fiber diet on type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, McKeown-Eyssen G, Josse RG, Silverberg J, Booth GL, Vidgen E, Josse AR, Nguyen TH, Corrigan S, Banach MS, Ares S, Mitchell S, Emam A, Augustin LS, Parker TL, Leiter LA. JAMA. 2008 Dec 17;300(23):2742-53. In patients with type 2 diabetes, 6-month treatment with a low-glycemic index diet resulted in moderately lower HbA(1c) levels compared with a high-cereal fiber diet.
  54. Glucose and insulin responses to whole grain breakfasts varying in soluble fiber, beta-glucan: a dose response study in obese women with increased risk for insulin resistance. Kim H, Stote KS, Behall KM, Spears K, Vinyard B, Conway JM. Eur J Nutr. 2009 Apr;48(3):170-5. Epub 2009 Feb 5. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that acute consumption of 10 g of beta-glucan is able to induce physiologically beneficial effects on postprandial insulin responses in obese women at risk for insulin resistance.
  55. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on insulin sensitivity, endothelial adhesion molecules, and oxidative stress in normal-weight and overweight young adults. Vincent HK, Bourguignon CM, Weltman AL, Vincent KR, Barrett E, Innes KE, Taylor AG. Metabolism. 2009 Feb;58(2):254-62. Antioxidant supplementation moderately lowers HOMA and endothelial adhesion molecule levels in overweight young adults. A potential mechanism to explain this finding is the reduction in oxidative stress by AOX.
  56. Anti-inflammatory effect of lifestyle changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Herder C, Peltonen M, Koenig W, Sütfels K, Lindström J, Martin S, Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Aunola S, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Valle TT, Uusitupa M, Kolb H, Tuomilehto J; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Diabetologia. 2009 Mar;52(3):433-42. Epub 2009 Jan 8. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The present study assessed the individual effects of dietary and physical activity measures on low-grade inflammation in individuals at high cardiometabolic risk. Our results underline the importance of moderate to vigorous LTPA and a diet rich in natural fibre, and this should be emphasised in lifestyle recommendations.
  57. One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Brehm BJ, Lattin BL, Summer SS, Boback JA, Gilchrist GM, Jandacek RJ, D'Alessio DA. Diabetes Care. 2009 Feb;32(2):215-20. Epub 2008 Oct 28. CONCLUSIONS: In individuals with type 2 diabetes, high-MUFA diets are an alternative to conventional lower-fat, high-CHO diets with comparable beneficial effects on body weight, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, and glycemic control.
  58. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 159, October 11, 1999, pp. 2151-59 Orchard, Trevor J. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Kao, W.H. Linda, et al. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 159, October 11, 1999, pp. 2119-20 (editorial)
  59. Tosiello, Lorraine. Hypomagnesemia and diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 156, June 10, 1996, pp. 1143-48
  60. Dietary Calcium and Magnesium Intakes and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: the Shanghai Women's Health Study.
    Villegas R, Gao YT, Dai Q, Yang G, Cai H, Li H, Zheng W, Shu XO. Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, and the Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
  61. Note: Three of the largest studies ever done on the incidence of disease are the Harvard Nurses Health study of 85,000 women, the Health Professionals Follow-up study of 43,000 men, and the Iowa Women's Health study of 40,000 women. All three studies showed that those people with the highest levels of magnesium intake had the lowest risk for developing diabetes.
  62. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM): New Study Shows Vegan Diet Reduces Heart Disease Risk in People with Type 2 Diabetes
    (Oct. 3, 2008). A new report in October’s Journal of the American Dietetic Association shows that a low-fat vegan diet has a nutrient profile and diet quality associated with a greater reduction in heart disease risk in people with type 2 diabetes than a diet based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines.
    The vegan diet consisted of grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. Participants in this group avoided animal products and fatty foods and favored low-glycemic-index foods, such as sweet potatoes and rye and pumpernickel bread. There were no restrictions on calories or portion sizes. ADA guidelines provided recommendations on the intake of calories, carbohydrate, and saturated fat grams based on each participant’s body weight, lipid profile, and current food and eating habits.
  63. PCRM Clinical Research: Diabetes: Can a Vegan Diet Reverse Diabetes? (Feb. 15, 2005) by Andrew Nicholson, M.D.
    PCRM performed a carefully controlled test to compare two different diets: a high-fiber, low-fat, vegan diet and the more commonly used American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet.
    The vegan group clearly had the edge in many of the results. Fasting blood sugars decreased 59 percent more in the vegan group than in the ADA group. And, while the vegans needed less medication to control their blood sugars, the ADA group needed just as much medicine as before. The vegans were taking less medicine, but were in better control.
    While the ADA group lost an impressive 8 pounds, on average, the vegans lost nearly 16 pounds. Cholesterol levels also dropped more substantially in the vegan group compared to the ADA group.
    The protein losses in the ADA group actually worsened somewhat over the 12 weeks of the study. The vegan group, on the other hand, had a large reduction in protein losses.
  64. PCRM study published in Obesity in 2007 shows that a vegan diet helps people lose more weight and keep it off more effectively than a more conventional low-fat diet that includes meat and dairy products. Gabrielle M. Turner-McGrievy, M.S., R.D.
  65. PCRM study published in Diabetes Care in 2006, found that participants on a vegan diet experienced significantly greater reductions in A1c (a measure of blood sugar levels over a prolonged period), weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and LDL (“bad”) cholesterol. Neal Barnard, M.D.
  66. CureResearch.com's Treatment list for Diabetes: The list of treatments mentioned in various sources for Diabetes includes the following list. Always seek professional medical advice about any treatment or change in treatment plans.http://www.cureresearch.com/d/diabetes/treatments.htm
  67. A Vegan Diet How-To Guide for Diabetes
    a. A Vegan Diet: Avoiding Animal Products
    Animal products contain fat, especially saturated fat, which is linked to heart disease, insulin resistance, and certain forms of cancer. These products also contain cholesterol, something never found in foods from plants. And, of course, animal products contain animal protein. It may surprise you to learn that diets high in animal protein can aggravate kidney problems and calcium losses. Animal products never provide fiber or healthful complex carbohydrate. 
    A vegan diet is one that contains no animal products at all. So, to be specific, here are the foods you’ll want to avoid: red meat, poultry and fish, dairy products, and eggs.
b. Avoiding Added Vegetable Oils and Other High-Fat Foods
Although most vegetable oils are in some ways healthier than animal fats, you will still want to keep them to a minimum. All fats and oils are highly concentrated in calories. A gram of any fat or oil contains nine calories, compared with only four calories for a gram of carbohydrate.
You’ll also want to avoid foods fried in oil, oily toppings, and olives, avocados, and peanut butter.
c. Low Glycemic Index
The glycemic index identifies foods that increase blood sugar rapidly and allows you to favor foods that have much less effect on blood sugar. High-glycemic-index foods include sugar itself, white potatoes, most wheat flour products, and most cold cereals.
d. Go High-Fiber
Aim for 40 grams of fiber a day, but start slowly. Load up on beans, vegetables, and fruits. Choose whole grains (try barley, oats, quinoa, millet, whole wheat pasta, etc.). Aim for at least 3 grams per serving on labels and at least 10 grams per meal.
e. VolumetricsHere is an optional step that can help with weight control. The idea is to eat foods that have fewer calories than grams per serving. Try adding lots of soups, salads, and foods cooked in water (like oatmeal) to your daily diet. These “heavy” foods will make you fill up without taking in a lot of calories.
f. Focus on the ‘New Four Food Groups’
Choose unlimited amounts of grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Small amounts of nonfat condiments, fat-free vegan cookies and crackers, alcohol, and coffee are also OK.
Protein: Plant foods have plenty of protein. The recommended amount of protein in the diet for postmenopausal women is 10 percent of calories. Most vegetables, legumes, and grains contain this amount or more. Those seeking extra protein can choose more beans, asparagus, mushrooms, and broccoli.
Calcium: Because diets rich in animal protein cause the body to lose more calcium, a person on a vegan diet needs less calcium to stay in calcium balance. Good sources of calcium include broccoli, kale, collards, mustard greens, beans, figs, fortified juices and cereals, and soy or rice milks.
Vitamin B12: Those following a diet free of animal products for more than three years (or at anytime in childhood, pregnancy, or nursing) should take a B12 supplement of 5 micrograms per day. Any common multiple vitamin will provide this amount.  
Posted by at

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)